与 c 11 多线程相关的头文件
c 11 新标准中引入了四个头文件来支持多线程编程,他们分别是
:该头文主要声明了两个类, std::atomic 和 std::atomic_flag,另外还声明了一套 c 风格的原子类型和与 c 兼容的原子操作的函数。 :该头文件主要声明了 std::thread 类,另外 std::this_thread 命名空间也在该头文件中。 :该头文件主要声明了与互斥量(mutex)相关的类,包括 std::mutex 系列类,std::lock_guard, std::unique_lock, 以及其他的类型和函数。 :该头文件主要声明了与条件变量相关的类,包括 std::condition_variable 和 std::condition_variable_any。 :该头文件主要声明了 std::promise, std::package_task 两个 provider 类,以及 std::future 和 std::shared_future 两个 future 类,另外还有一些与之相关的类型和函数,std::async() 函数就声明在此头文件中。
简单例子
#include#include // std::cout #include // std::thread #include // std::mutex, std::lock_guard #include // std::logic_error std::mutex mtx; void thread_task() { std::cout << "hello thread" << std::endl; } int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { qcoreapplication a(argc, argv); std::thread t(thread_task); t.join(); return a.exec(); }
std::thread 在
std::thread 构造
default (1) |
thread() noexcept; |
---|---|
initialization (2) |
template |
copy [deleted] (3) |
thread (const thread&) = delete; |
move (4) |
thread (thread&& x) noexcept; |
- (1). 默认构造函数,创建一个空的 thread 执行对象。
- (2). 初始化构造函数,创建一个 thread对象,该 thread对象可被 joinable,新产生的线程会调用 fn 函数,该函数的参数由 args 给出。
- (3). 拷贝构造函数(被禁用),意味着 thread 不可被拷贝构造。
- (4). move 构造函数,move 构造函数,调用成功之后 x 不代表任何 thread 执行对象。
- 注意:可被 joinable 的 thread 对象必须在他们销毁之前被主线程 join 或者将其设置为 detached.
#include#include #include #include #include #include #include void f1(int n) { for (int i = 0; i < 5; i) { std::cout << "thread " << n << " executing\n"; std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(10)); } } void f2(int& n) { for (int i = 0; i < 5; i) { std::cout << "thread 2 executing\n"; n; std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(10)); } } int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { qcoreapplication a(argc, argv); int n = 0; std::thread t1; // t1 is not a thread std::thread t2(f1, n 1); // pass by value std::thread t3(f2, std::ref(n)); // pass by reference std::thread t4(std::move(t3)); // t4 is now running f2(). t3 is no longer a thread t2.join(); t4.join(); std::cout << "final value of n is " << n << '\n'; return a.exec(); }
std::thread 各种构造函数例子
move 赋值操作
move (1) |
thread& operator= (thread&& rhs) noexcept; |
---|---|
copy [deleted] (2) |
thread& operator= (const thread&) = delete; |
- (1). move 赋值操作,如果当前对象不可 joinable,需要传递一个右值引用(rhs)给 move 赋值操作;如果当前对象可被 joinable,则 terminate() 报错。
- (2). 拷贝赋值操作被禁用,thread 对象不可被拷贝。
请看下面的例子:
#include#include #include #include // std::chrono::seconds #include // std::cout #include // std::thread, std::this_thread::sleep_for void thread_task(int n) { std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(n)); std::cout << "hello thread " << std::this_thread::get_id() << " paused " << n << " seconds" << std::endl; } int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { qcoreapplication a(argc, argv); std::thread threads[5]; std::cout << "spawning 5 threads...\n"; for (int i = 0; i < 5; i ) { threads[i] = std::thread(thread_task, i 1); } std::cout << "done spawning threads! now wait for them to join\n"; for (auto& t: threads) { t.join(); } std::cout << "all threads joined.\n"; return a.exec(); }
spawning 5 threads... done spawning threads! now wait for them to join hello thread 2 paused 1 seconds hello thread 3 paused 2 seconds hello thread 4 paused 3 seconds hello thread 5 paused 4 seconds hello thread 6 paused 5 seconds all threads joined.